This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the comparative study of the science fiction genre. The research explores the role of science fiction as a global literary phenomenon and its formation across diverse literary traditions. The study utilizes comparativetypological approaches, structural-semantic analysis, and the chronotope model as its primary methodological framework. Based on materials from English and Uzbek literature, the article identifies distinct models of science fiction. The analysis demonstrates that while science fiction in English literature tends to be more systematic and technological, in Uzbek literature, it manifests through an integration of social, ethical, and philosophical layers. Furthermore, the study examines modern trends related to technological thinking and interdisciplinary approaches. The findings justify that a comparative study of science fiction enables the identification of both universal and national characteristics of the genre, allowing for its interpretation in relation to social thought and cultural processes. This research contributes significantly to the systemic enhancement of genre theory.