This article highlights the complex relationships and differences between the concepts of nation and ethnicity; these categories are analyzed as
dynamic social collectivities, exploring their relationship and influence on the formation of national identity. Particular attention is paid to the opinions of scientists who criticize the traditional perception of nations and ethnic groups as clearly defined and stable collectivities. It also examines how national identity, combining ethnic, socio-economic and spiritual components, functions in the modern world, emphasizing its role in the formation of collective identity based on language, history and culture.