SRIM/TRIM SIMULATION OF ION-BEAM MODIFICATION OF ZrO2 - BASED CERAMIC MEMBRANES WITH Ag AND Au IONS

Implantation of 50–2000 keV silver and gold ions into zirconiabased ceramic membranes was simulated by the Monte Carlo method in the binary collision approximation on the physical basis of SRIM/TRIM. Stopping powers, projected ranges (19–338 nm for Ag and 16–231 nm for Au), vacancies per ion (up to 6821), metal concentration and damage profiles, and sputtering yields were obtained. Defect production is governed by displacement cascades: electronic and nuclear stopping become equal at 565 keV for Ag and 1921 keV for Au. The fluences required for nanocluster nucleation and irradiation regimes for membranes were determined.

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS IN THE SI-MN SYSTEM

In this study, the phase composition and crystallization kinetics of a Si-Mn heterosystem synthesized on single-crystal silicon substrates via hightemperature thermal vacuum diffusion were comprehensively investigated as a function of annealing temperature (600-1200o C) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As the annealing temperature increased, the system progressed from initial partial amorphization of the host silicon lattice to the sequential nucleation of a cubic B20-type MnSi monophase, followed by the formation of the higher manganese silicide Mn4Si7 exhibiting tetragonal symmetry. At temperatures exceeding 950o C, thermal redistribution of manganese triggered the appearance of the Mn5Si3 phase along with restabilized MnSi. Using the Scherrer formulation, crystallite size growth from 30 nm up to 45 nm and the structural evolution of lattice-induced microstrains across interphase boundaries were quantitatively determined.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN NEODYMIUM -DOPED SILICON BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

In this work, structural changes arising from the doping of p-type silicon (KDB-48, ρ=48 Ω·cm) single crystals with neodymium (Nd) atoms by thermal diffusion were studied using Raman spectroscopy. Samples were diffused in vacuum quartz ampoules at 1300o C for 10 hours and prepared by rapid cooling. Raman spectra were measured at room temperature using a spectrometer equipped with a 785 nm laser. In the initial and control samples, TA (127, 183 cm-1 ), LA (311/315 cm-1 ), TO/LO (523.9 cm-1), and second-order optical (952 cm-1) phonon modes were identified. After thermal treatment, the phase composition did not change, but the intensities of all modes increased due to structural ordering (LA mode by +71.1%). In the neodymium-diffused sample, fundamentally different changes were observed: the appearance of new peaks at 288, 398, 478, and 672 cm1 confirms the formation of Nd2O3 and Nd-Si (silicide) phases. The high intensity of the TO phonon peak at 520 cm-1 (7882 a.u.) and its shift to lower frequency (Δν =-3.9 cm-1) indicate a high degree of crystallinity and reduced mechanical stress in the diffused layer. The results confirm that neodymium significantly alters the structural and vibrational properties of silicon by forming new phases.

NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS AND SOFTWARE FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEMS

The paper presents a numerical comparison of linear and quadratic quadrilateral finite elements for two-dimensional elasticity problems. The analysis considers the accuracy of displacement and stress calculations as the finite element mesh is refined. For each mesh, the boundary-value problem is solved independently, and the numerical results are compared with the analytical solution.

The calculations show a clear difference in the convergence behavior of the two element types. Linear quadrilateral elements approach the reference solution relatively slowly and require a finer mesh to obtain the required accuracy. Quadratic elements give considerably better results on coarse meshes and approach the analytical solution more rapidly as the mesh is refined. This behavior is related to the higher-order interpolation used in the quadratic formulation.

The results also show that the element order has a direct effect on the number of elements required for a given accuracy. The comparison can therefore be useful when selecting a finite element formulation for numerical calculations in twodimensional elasticity and in the development of corresponding computational procedures.

HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF TIO₂ NANOTUBES: EFFECTS OF HCL TREATMENT TIME AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

TiO₂ nanotubes structures were synthesized by alkaline hydrothermal treatment of commercial TiO₂ powder, followed by HCl treatment and thermal annealing. The effects of acid-treatment time and annealing temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, size-distribution analysis, and UV–Vis diffusereflectance spectroscopy. XRD showed that 1 h HCl treatment was insufficient to obtain the characteristic anatase TiO₂ structurephase, whereas extending the treatment to 3 h resulted in clear anatase phase formation. Subsequent annealing improved crystallinity, with the crystallite size increasing from 13.44 to 15.12 nm between 450 and 650 °C. SEM confirmed the transformation of the commercial precursor particles into nanotubes structures with an average diameter of 18.4 nm. The optical band gap of the 3 h HCl-treated samples decreased from 3.45 eV before annealing to approximately 3.32 eV after thermal treatment. These results demonstrate that acid-treatment duration is a critical parameter for phase formation, while annealing effectively controls the crystallinity and optical properties of hydrothermally synthesized TiO₂ nanotubes.

FLOWERING DYNAMICS OF AEGILOPS L. SPECIES

The article describes the flowering dynamics of species of the genus Aegilops L. The scientific study of the flowering biology of Aegilops species is of great importance when recommending species of this genus for intensive use in the national economy. During the experiment, the influence of certain environmental factors (air temperature and relative humidity) on the flowering process of the species was recorded.

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF THE COORDINATION COMPOUND OF LANTHANUM(III) NITRATE SALT WITH 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID

This article presents the results of the synthesis and physicochemical investigation of a coordination compound formed by lanthanum(III) nitrate and 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The interaction of 4-aminobenzoic acid with lanthanum(III) ions, as well as the conditions for the formation of the coordination compound, were investigated. Modern physicochemical analytical methods were used to determine the composition and structure of the synthesized compound. In particular, changes in the carboxyl and amino groups of the ligand during the coordination process were analyzed using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In addition, thermal analysis methods were considered for determining the thermal stability of the compound and the stages of its thermal decomposition. The obtained results are important for evaluating the coordination properties of 4-aminobenzoic acid in the formation of coordination compounds with lanthanide ions and for determining their compositional and structural characteristics.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL REGULARITIES OF THE TRANSITION FROM CLASSICAL INTELLECTUALISM TO DIGITAL INTELLECTUALISM

The article examines, from a socio-philosophical standpoint, the transition from classical intellectualism to digital intellectualism. The problem arises because, under the conditions of digital civilisation, intellect is no longer manifested solely as a capacity of the individual mind but increasingly as the interconnected activity of the human being, information systems, algorithms and artificial intelligence. The study draws on the works of Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Hegel, A. Turing, L. Floridi, A. Clark and D. Chalmers and J. Searle, as well as on Uzbek research into intellectual culture and the philosophy of artificial intelligence; it employs the dialectical method, historical-philosophical reconstruction, comparative analysis and the systemic approach. It is established that the transition is not a mere technological update but a philosophical process involving changes in the knowing subject, in the formation of knowledge and in the organisational mechanisms of thinking. Five regularities of the transition are identified: the unity of continuity and qualitative renewal; the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative ones; the dialectic of differentiation and integration; the transformation of subject–object relations; and the shift from computation to contextual collaboration. The concept of digital intellectual responsibility is substantiated.

PHILOSOPHICAL-LOGICAL MODALITY AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF “TRUTH” AND “BELIEF”

This article analyzes the rational and irrational classification of contextual argumentation from a philosophical and theoretical perspective. The study includes a number of fundamental concepts that represent the levels of reflection of reality by the human mind, among which the special status of “truth” and “belief” is revealed. In this, the main factors for understanding the mechanism of influence of contextual arguments on the human mind by clarifying the differences between “truth” and “belief” are formally highlighted. In the framework of this article, the knowledge operator 𝐾𝐾𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝 is used in epistemic logic, and the belief or belief operator 𝐵𝐵𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝 is used in doxastic logic. Unlike classical knowledge logic (epistemic logic), doxastic logic is a special axiomatic system adapted to express the beliefs and convictions of subjects. This article interprets the KD45 system and the reflexive attitude of the agent to his own states of belief and distrust.

CHEMICAL ACTIVATION AND MODIFICATION OF WOOD WASTEDERIVED CARBONIZATE WITH METAL SALTS

This study addresses the optimization and simplification of the production of high-performance activated carbons by integrating chemical activation and metal complexation into a single-step process utilizing char derived from the carbonization of local wood waste. Iron(III), copper(II), and zinc(II) chloride salts were successfully applied simultaneously as activating agents and structural modifiers. The physicochemical, structural, elemental, and adsorptive characteristics of the resulting composite porous materials were thoroughly evaluated. The experimental findings revealed that the single-step co-activation and modification with metal chlorides yielded a well-developed microporous and mesoporous network, large specific surface area, and exceptional binding affinity for organic pollutants in wastewater matrices.